International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

This work aims to study the effect of ultrasound-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (UAATPE) parameters, including temperature (30, 50, and 70°C), time (10, 15, and 20min), and frequency level (12, 24, and 36kHz) on the extract yield and its activity. The experimental results exhibited that total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) had the highest content when using a temperature of 70°C for 20min which was 77.24mgGAE/g and 81.08mgQE/g, respectively. Conversely, DPPH radical scavenging activity decreased with increasing temperature. Moreover, the frequency level of 12kHz could improve the TPC yield which was 95.88mgGAE/g. Thus, to evaluate the best extraction conditions, the Fuzzy Analytical Method (FAM) was performed to obtain the overall performance index of each condition. The TPC, TFC, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and Fe2+chelating activity were used as criteria with the weights of 30, 40, 20, and 10%, respectively. The best extraction condition was an extraction temperature of 70°C for 20min with an ultrasonic frequency of 12kHz, showing the highest overall performance index of 6.774. The extracts also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus TISTR 746 (MIC 62.5mgGAE) and Escherichia coli TISTR 117 (MIC 1000mgGAE), with both showing MBC as 2000mgGAE/mL. It can be pointed out that UAATPE is an alternative powerful technique for bioactive compound extraction from red water lily.

Keywords: Ultrasound-assisted extraction; Aqueous two-phase extraction; Phenolic compounds; Red water lily; Fuzzy analytical method.

The gradual progression of climate change towards arid conditions is resulting in a widespread reduction in the yield of the predominant crop, namely wheat. Kazakhstan, as the largest agricultural nation in Central Asia, relies heavily on rain-fed cultivation, with 93% of its arable land under this practice. This study explores the feasibility of growing spring triticale, as an alternative to spring wheat, in the dryland regions of northern Kazakhstan. Over the period of 2018-2022, spring triticale was cultivated using both conventional and organic farming methods, employing various combinations of mineral and organic fertilizers. The yield of triticale was notably impacted by the prevailing weather conditions during the growth cycle. Optimal grain yields were achieved through both conventional and organic farming practices, particularly following fallow periods. These fallow periods not only resulted in higher yields but also maximized profitability. The suggested fertilizer strategies offer farmers a reliable means to consistently attain lucrative returns when cultivating triticale, irrespective of climatic variations.

Keywords: Agricultural practices; Crop yield; Mineral fertilizer; Organic farming; Triticale.

The objective of this research was to determine the physicochemical, techno-functional, and sensory characteristics of a functional arracacha drink made by solid-state fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus. The physicochemical and techno-functional properties were evaluated in flours of different sizes, with and without solid-state fermentation, and in the final beverages. The drinks were sensory evaluated using Check All That Apply (CATA) and acceptability questions with 84 consumers. A completely random design was used for the fermentation process with the raw material at different particle sizes and a 2×3 factorial design for preparing the functional arracacha drink. The results indicated that the particle size (1.18 and 2mm) and the solid-state fermentation significantly influenced the physicochemical characteristics and technofunctional properties. Regarding the functional arracacha drink, neither the particle size (1.18mm and 2mm) nor the concentrations (50, 75, and 100%) had a significant effect on the pH, °Brix, and density. However, there was a significant effect on bioactive compounds, with the final 100% solid-state fermentation samples showing greater antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content. In the sensory evaluation, the arracacha functional drinks with the greatest acceptability were the solid-state fermentation samples of 1.18mm at 50% and 2mm at 75%, characterized by having attributes such as balanced, sweet, refreshing/fresh and pleasant flavor. In conclusion, a techno-functional drink was obtained using 75% arracacha solid state fermentation with a particle size of 2mm, with adequate physicochemical, techno-functional and sensory characteristics.

Keywords: Arracacha; Acceptability; Bioactive; Technofunctional; Sensory

The study estimates the water and water management balance of the Tobyl River basin in the Kostanay region, Kazakhstan in the context of non-stationary climate and river flow conditions. The research aims to determine the current deficit and surplus of water resources to develop recommendations on regional water supply needs, especially for urban territories and agricultural sectors. Hydrometeorological data from regional monitoring stations were analyzed using probabilistic statistical methods. The Mann-Kendall test is applied to assess long-term trends in river flow. A comprehensive water balance model is developed for the reservoirs of the Tobyl River. The study shows statistically significant upward trends in water consumption at the Tobyl-Kostanay and Tobyl-Grishenka stations from 1972 to 2021. The developed water management balance indicates that in average and high-water years, the Tobyl River reservoirs accumulate water, and low-water years (95% non-exceedance probability) are marked by water shortage. Evaporation accounts for a significant share of water losses in the reservoir system, especially in low-water years. The findings underscore the urgent need for advanced water-saving methods and adaptive water resource management strategies to mitigate the consequences of water shortage, especially in low-water years. To ensure a stable water supply in the region, it is recommended to strengthen the coordination of transboundary water resources use and employ technological solutions.

Keywords: Water management complex; Water balance; Water management balance.

Soy sauce is a fermented soybean product popular in Indonesia and is usually used as a seasoning or complement to the taste of dishes. The production process of soy sauce that is less hygienic and controlled, especially in the traditional fermentation process, can lead to the potential for excessive biogenic amines. Biogenic amines formed during the fermentation process can indicate the quality and safety of fermented products because their presence can indicate the potential for spoilage or unhygienic conditions. Additionally, excessive concentrations of biogenic amines can pose a health risk. Biological interventions to reduce biogenic amine compounds in the soy sauce production process by applying indigenous cultures of salt-resistant Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) can help reduce biogenic amine compounds in soy sauce. This research is expected to evaluate the content of biogenic amines in soy sauce and provide a solution to reduce the biogenic amine compounds through controlled fermentation with LAB isolates isolated from moromi stage fermentation. The results obtained from this research were soy sauce samples showed relatively high levels of putrescine and spermine. Two isolates were obtained and identified as Lactococcus lactis, which showed a phylogenetic relationship with Lactococcus lactis strain CAU3045. These isolates showed the highest capacity to degrade putrescine for 31.28% and 33.76%. Isolates FC2KB1 and FC2KB3 have shown significant potential as an alternative method to reduce biogenic amine content in soy sauce.

Keywords: Biogenic amine, Lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus lactis, Moromi, Soy sauce

This study explored how yogurt and probiotics affect broiler chicken growth, carcass yield, lipid profile, fecal bacterial load, and profitability. A total of 120 Cobb-500 broiler chicks, aged seven days, were randomly assigned to five treatment groups, each with three replicates. The groups were T0: Control BD (basal diet), T1: 0.5g of a commercial probiotic (Avi-BacTM), T2: BD combined with 3g, T3: BD combined with 5g, and T4: BD combined with 7g of fresh yogurt per liter of drinking water. The findings revealed that yogurt supplementation significantly improved (P<0.01) live weight gain (LWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and carcass weight (g) and reduced mortality compared to the control (T0) and probiotic-treated (T1) groups. Based on blood lipoprotein metrics, yogurt, and probiotics reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared to the control group. At both 21 and 35 days, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in total bacterial and Escherichia coli levels between the yogurt-treated and control groups. However, the cost-effective evaluation indicated a significant (P<0.01) increase in group T3 compared to other treatment groups. Instead of commercial probiotics, yogurt supplementation @ 5g/L of drinking water can lower broiler chicken production costs by stimulating development.

Keywords: Broiler, Bacterial count, Yogurt, Growth performance, Lipid parameters.

The research aimed to evaluate the effects of different salt concentrations (0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100mM NaCl) applied during the cultivation process on the levels of phytochemical components (polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids), color compounds (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) in ice plants. The monitoring showed that ice plants grew well at salt concentrations between 30 and 100mM NaCl, without any visible negative effect. As salt concentration increased, the levels of bioactive compounds, color compounds, and antioxidant activity also increased. However, the appropriate salt concentration should be selected based on the intended use of the ice plant; For pharmaceutical or cosmetic applications, a concentration of 100mM NaCl is recommended, as it maximizes the accumulation of bioactive compounds, color compounds, and antioxidant capacity. Specifically, the ice plant contained polyphenols at 205.22mgGAE/100g FW, flavonoids at 32.02mgQE/100g FW, tannins at 62.74mgTAE/100g FW, saponins at 162.34mgSE/100g FW, and alkaloids at 234.02mgCE/100g FW. The total chlorophyll and carotenoids content were 11.74mg/g FW and 0.57mg/g FW. The antioxidant activities measured by DPPH and FRAP were 75.74% and 73.72mM FeSO4/100g FW, respectively. If the ice plant is intended for consumption as a food vegetable, a lower salt concentration of 30-70mM NaCl is recommended, as excessive salt accumulation in the plant could affect its taste and consumer health.

Keywords: Antioxidant activities, Bioactive compounds, Color compounds, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

One of the main indicators of the value of an alfalfa variety is high seed productivity. At its low rates, it is impossible to expand the acreage of the plant further. The varieties zoned in North Kazakhstan with a sufficiently high yield of feed mass are characterized by relatively low seed productivity. Therefore, the study aimed to select, evaluate, and create a new experimental starting material for breeding alfalfa plants with increased seed productivity. The experiments were conducted in 2021-2023 at the Kokshetau Experimental and Production Facility located in the steppe zone of North Kazakhstan. 18 of the most valuable samples in terms of a complex biological and economic characteristics were identified for further breeding work. Their assessment helped identify promising alfalfa populations, combining high seed productivity and resistance to adverse environmental factors. Thus, among the studied variety samples, the variety samples Rambler, Nurilya, Sarga, Uralochka, Flora 6, Lazurnaya, Starbak, Karabalykskaya zhemchuzhina, Raduga, Raykhan, K-3793, and K-2192 stood out with the structure of seed yield, bean setting rate, resistance to prolification, and flowering vigor. In further breeding work on the formation of complex hybrid populations, it is recommended to use the selected alfalfa variety model with optimal values of the listed characteristics, providing an increased yield of green mass and seed productivity of the plant.

Keywords: Alfalfa, Source material, Selection, Seed productivity, Polycross method, Complex hybrid population, Assessment, Model, Sample, Bush shape, Bean setting rate, Self-pollination, Resistance to prolification, Regenerative ability.

The current study evaluated the nutritional value of pawpaw leaf meal processed differently by air-drying, sun-drying, oven-drying, and fermentation. The leaf meals were subjected to proximate, fiber fractions, phytochemicals, and functional properties analyses. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package for the separation of means. The Air-dried pawpaw leaf meal (PLAD) was significantly different with higher moisture content (7.3%), crude protein (28.2%), and ether extract (8.08%) while the sun-dried pawpaw leaf meal (PLSD) crude fiber (6.48%) was higher. The flavonoid level was higher in PLSD (66.70mg/g) likewise the alkaloid level (28.40%), but the phenolic value was higher in PLAD (743.76mg/g). Water absorption capacity was significant in PLSD (67.98%) but PLAD had a higher oil absorption capacity (19.36%), while PLF bulk density was higher (0.58g/mL). There was no significant difference (P˃0.05) in the acid detergent fiber, however, PLF had the highest value (29.66%), likewise, for Neutral detergent fiber (29.66%). For hemicellulose, PLOD (1.66%) was significantly different (P<0.05) from the other treatment, with the lowest value. Cellulose was significantly different (P<0.05) across treatments with PLF (22.0%) having the highest value, while the lignin for PLOD had the lowest value (1.66%). The results for proximate, fiber fraction, and phytochemical evaluation have shown the benefit of the different processing methods, hence, PLM is recommended as a potential feed ingredient for livestock.

Keywords: Proximate analysis; Functional properties; Pawpaw leaf; Potential feed ingredients; Phytochemical evaluation.

Rising global temperatures are causing prolonged droughts that reduce rice growth. This study investigated the impacts of drought stress and the rewatering period on rice’s growth and physiological characteristics (Oryza sativa L.) cv. KHAO DAWK MALI 105 (KDML105), MALI DAM NONG KHAI 62 (MDNK62) and POKKALI. The 28-day-old rice seedlings of the three cultivars were cultured under water deficit for 19 days (drought stress period) before rewatering for 9 days (rewatering period). Growth and physiological features were investigated at the end of the drought stress and rewatering periods. Drought stress inhibited the growth of all three cultivars, such as tiller number per clump, leaf size, root length, and biomass, while shoot length, leaf rolling score, and drought score of leaf increased compared to the control. All growth features of the three rice cultivars improved after rewatering. The physiological characteristics of KDML105 and MDNK62 rice cultivars differed from POKKALI under drought stress. Chlorophyll a content, total chlorophyll content, Fv’/Fm’, Fv/Fm, and relative water content of KDML105 and MDNK62 rice cultivars decreased but increased in POKKALI. Electrolyte leakage percentage and MDA content of the three rice cultivars increased compared to the control group during drought stress and rewatering. Growth and physiological aspects including the drought tolerance index (DTI) for MDNK62 showed moderate adaptation to drought stress, while KDML105 exhibited better adaptability compared to MDNK62 and POKKALI. This research provides important information for rice growth improvement in regions facing drought challenges.

Keywords: Drought stress, Drought tolerance index, Electrolyte leakage, MDA, Rice growth

The objective of this study aims to better understand the phenotypic characteristics of Ndama taurus cattle from the Kolda region in order to have sufficient data and contribute to the phenotypic characterization of these animals. In total 238 Ndama breed cattle raised in an extensive pastoral system were the subject of a phenotypic characterization study of qualitative traits in the department of Kolda and Medina Yoro Fulha in the Kolda region. The observations were carried out directly on the animals and made it possible to record 18 qualitative parameters. The results revealed variability in qualitative traits within the overall population. The typology revealed by Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) made it possible to identify 2 groups of cattle which are distinguished by the color of the muzzle and eyelids. No discrimination based on area was obtained. This study revealed the great variability of the morphological characters of Ndama breed. However, despite this great diversity, it seems impossible to classify the Ndama of the Kolda region into genetic type based on qualitative traits. Thus, the great variability observed at the level of qualitative traits is carried by the individuals making the cattle of the Kolda region a composite group.

Keywords: Phenotypic characters, Ndama, Cattle, Variability.

This study aimed to isolate and identify highly virulent Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains to develop biopesticides. Extensive field studies were conducted in nature reserves and woodlands to collect samples from soils and dead insects showing symptoms of bacterial infection. A total of 530 samples were collected, from which 30 Bt isolates were obtained and subjected to detailed physiological and biochemical analysis. The isolates were identified serologically and divided into three subspecies: Bt kurstaki, Bt sotto, and Bt toguchini. The biological efficiency of these strains was evaluated against eight species of lepidoptera pests in controlled laboratory conditions. Strains k-Ym07/CB and 2127-3k demonstrated the highest biological activity, reaching 100% mortality of the target insect species within five days. The results show that Bt kurstaki strains k-Ym07/CB and 2127-3k have significant potential as biological pesticides for controlling lepidoptera pests in Kazakhstan. The study concludes that developing these biological pesticides can offer an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, increasing agricultural productivity while maintaining an ecological balance.

Keywords: Biological efficiency, Bacillus thuringiensis strains, Sustainable ecology

The study aims to comprehensively characterize the BPC gene family in cotton at a genome-wide level and analyze their expression patterns through advanced computational methods, particularly emphasizing their involvement in conferring tolerance to salt stress. A total of 30 BPC genes were identified from three cotton species: Gossypium hirsutum (14 genes), Gossypium arboreum (8 genes), and Gossypium raimondii (8 genes). The genomic architecture, evolutionary relationships, and expression profiles of these genes were examined under various abiotic stresses. Bioinformatics tools mapped structural variations and evolutionary lineages, while heatmap and co-expression analyses identified genes with notable expression changes. This approach led to the identification of three potential candidate genes GH_D01G1605, GH_D13G0992, and GH_D02G1509—that exhibited notable variations in their expression in response to abiotic stress conditions, particularly salt stress. To further validate the findings, qRT-PCR was conducted, to confirm the expression of the GH_D01G1605 gene. Gene GH_D01G1605, which exhibited higher expression levels, was compared to the lower-expressed gene GH_A12G2243. Analysis revealed that GH_D01G1605 had a -2.6-fold greater expression than GH_A12G2243 and a -4.2-fold higher expression than the internal control, the actin gene. This research is the first detailed investigation of the BPC gene family in cotton, advancing our understanding of its role in abiotic stress tolerance. The findings highlight its potential in developing stress-resistant cotton cultivars, with important implications for agriculture and sustainability.

Keywords: Gossypium, Abiotic stress, BPC, Basic PentaCysteine, Salt stress.

Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) serve as a valuable model for genetic research due to their economic significance and relatively simple genome. Enhancing tomato crop resilience against biotic and abiotic stressors is crucial for improving yield, quality, and profitability. Haploid induction (HI) offers a rapid pathway to generating pure lines and accelerating breeding efforts. This study explored the application of Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis in tomato breeding, focusing on the M1, M2, and M3 generations. Key phenotypic variations, including determinate growth habits, blossom drop and variegated chloroplast mutants, were observed, indicating EMS-induced genetic diversity. The study further delved into haploid induction by targeting the DMP gene (Solyc05g007920) linked to haploid induction. Through the TILLING and high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis, point mutations in the DMP gene were detected in the M3 generation, with deep sequencing revealing SNPs that may impact protein function. These findings highlight the efficacy of EMS mutagenesis for enhancing genetic diversity and advancing haploid induction research in tomatoes, paving the potential for developing improved breeding lines.

Keywords: EMS mutagenesis, High throughput screening, High-resolution melting, TILLINGs

The quality of semen deteriorates as storage time progresses, which may compromise the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. This study investigated the storability of Lusitu boar semen (LBS) for 4 days. The study employed repeated measures factorial design that considered storage time and boar factors to generate the data. A total of 36 ejaculates, with six collected per boar, were preserved at 17℃ in BTS extender, followed by analysis after 2 (D0), 48 (D2), and 96 (D4) hours of storage. The Data on traditional semen characteristics (TSCs), kinematics, and hyperactivity (HYP) of spermatozoa were analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. There was a reduction in mean semen pH, plasma membrane integrity, normal acrosomes (NMA), and total and progressive motility (TTM and PGM) across storage time points except for vitality, whose scores on D0 and D2 were similar. However, the observed values on D4 were within or above the recommended limits for all the TSCs. All kinematic parameters and HYP showed mean reduction between D0-D2 but not D2-D4, while that of VAP reduced significantly from D0-D2. The storage time but not boar factor influenced the means of all TSCs, while both factors affected those of TTM and PGM. All the kinematics and HYP were influenced by storage time and boar. In conclusion, the quality of LBS was found to be acceptable after storage for 4 days despite the level of deterioration observed. Additionally, some TSCs may be useful in assessment of LBS quality prior to storage, while kinematics like VCL, VAP, ALH, and HYP may be candidates for storability prediction.

Keywords: BTS-extender, Kinematic parameters, Lusitu boar, Semen storage, TSCs

The assembly of superior rice varieties requires growth environmental engineering as a motor in optimizing its production. One uses a specific type of fertilizer known as nano silica bokashi. This technology involves the application of nano-sized silica particles, which are encapsulated in a bokashi carrier, to the soil. Evaluating the interaction between this nano silica bokashi fertilizer and several high-yielding varieties is necessary. However, the effectiveness of these technologies must be systematically assessed, so the application of multivariate and index analysis concepts can be a solution in considering fertilizer technology. This study, conducted at the greenhouse of the agricultural faculty at Hasanuddin University from September to December 2023, by using a split-plot design. The main plot factor consisted of nano silica bokashi dosage (four dosages), the subplot being varieties (seven varieties), and three replications, resulting in 96 experimental units. Based on this study, evaluation indices based on flowering age, percentage of filling grain, and yield can give an idea of the potential for responsibility and adaptability in parallel. Notably, early maturing rice varieties, namely Cakrabuana, Padjajaran, and M70D, have shown promising results with adaptive evaluation index (positive index values) and a determination above 0.5. With their potential for early maturation and high yield, these varieties are recommended as effective options for developing nano silica bokashi fertilizer. The optimal dose of the fertilizer ranged from 400-600kg.ha-1.

Keywords: Early-maturity, Nano silica, Organic fertilizer, Orthogonal-polynomials, Oryza sativa

The rising cost of chemical fertilizers has increasingly threatened the economic sustainability of coffee cultivation in Peru, leading to decreased yields across plantations. This study evaluates the effects of biofertilizers on the growth and biomass of three coffee varieties. Using a full factorial design (A × B), factor A consisted of three coffee varieties; (Castillo, Catuaí, and Obata) while factor B included five fertilization treatments; soil fertilization with humic acids (FEAH), soil fertilization with Trichoderma (FET), soil fertilization with mycorrhizae (FEM), soil fertilization alone (FE), and a control without fertilization (SF), resulting in 15 unique treatments. Biometric measurements were included like plant height, leaf count, stem diameter, total fresh biomass, and total dry biomass. The Castillo variety demonstrated the most promising results, with an average plant height of 15.8cm, stem diameter of 4.30mm, 12.14 leaves, fresh biomass of 10.82g per plant, and total dry biomass of 2.26g per plant. Comparative analysis of treatments revealed that FEAH and FEM provided the most substantial improvements in growth metrics and biomass, outperforming FET, FE, and the control. This study not only addresses the sustainability challenges facing coffee cultivation in Peru but also offers critical insights into eco-friendly fertilization practices that promote economic and environmental resilience in coffee farming.

Keywords: Humic acids, Biofertilizers, Fertilization, Organic coffee

This research aims to determine the scale of sustainability of the small-scale poultry feed industry in supporting the basic needs of the poultry industry in rural areas. The data collection method used in this study through observation and direct interviews with small-scale feed mill business actors, then the program sustainability index coordination was analyzed as a development of the RAPFeed (Rapid Appraisal Feed) coordination analysis based on Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis. The results of this study presented sustainability conditions and several obstacles in each dimension used, namely production facilities and infrastructure, raw materials, human resources, capital, business management, marketing, and government support, among the seven small-scale local feed industry units analyzed gave an average result of 49.90% (less sustainable). The sustainability status of MDS in the Small-Scale Local Feed Industry (IPLSK) in Sidenreng Rappang Regency shows performance in the dimensions of facilities and infrastructure at 45.18%, row materials 45.15%, human resources 53.14%, capital 62.20%, management 47.58%, market 55.91%, and government support 40.17%.

Keywords: Small-scale local feed industry, Poultry Industry, Sustainability, RAPFeed (Rapid Appraisal Feed)

Significant land areas in Kazakhstan have been taken out of agricultural use, leading to large tracts of fallow land. If left unmanaged, these lands can become infested with weeds, deteriorating the phytosanitary condition of the region. Fallow lands also play a role in restoring soil fertility and represent a reserve for agricultural use. The study aimed to analyze the influence of tillage methods and cultivation technologies on the productivity of dark chestnut fallow soils in northwestern Kazakhstan. Field experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2022 on dark chestnut-heavy loam soils. The study included the analysis of soil properties, including moisture content, density, nutrient availability, and biological activity. The effectiveness of soil tillage methods was assessed through the cultivation of spring wheat and perennial grasses, using a three-factor experimental design with three replications. The primary tillage methods compared were deep plowing, chisel plowing, and shallow loosening. After 8 years, observations showed that, fallow soils become close to virgin soil. However, their water regime becomes unfavorable. Deep moldboard and boardless tillage on black fallow soil served as most appropriate agricultural and technological practices to improve water regime, soil compaction, crop yield, and soil structure in this arid region.

Keywords: Agricultural use; Weeds; Soil fertility; Soil cultivation; Virgin soil