International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

Canned fish production industry is one of the big industries of Iran, especially in the southern coastal provinces of Iran. A wide variety of types of fish are caught in the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf. In the meantime, various types of fish, especially tuna, are used to produce canned food. Some fish can be canned in spite of processing by improving their rheological characteristics in the factory, which unfortunately are sometimes offered instead of tuna in canned food. In this study, the aim is to accurately identify the fish species used in canned tuna, which may not match the information on the product. For this purpose, identification of fish meat was done by DNA barcoding method using cytochrome oxidase 1 marker. Samples were collected from different Iranian cities from different canned tuna brands. DNA extraction from the studied tissue was done from each studied canned sample. Then, using the primers designed for the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene, the PCR reaction was performed to amplify the desired gene. Thus, after DNA extraction, its quality and quantity were checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. The extracted DNA was amplified using appropriate primers. The PCR product was analyzed and sequenced using agarose gel electrophoresis. The fishes identified in the cans include Thonnus tonggol, Thonus albacares, Thonus abesus, Sarda orientalis, Sillago sihima, Sillago indica, Sillago robusta, Sillago arabica, Sillago attenuata. These species differed from the species listed on the can, which mainly included Gaider, hoover. According to these results, it is suggested that the fish species observed by the DNA barcoding method in canned tuna should be included on the cans with their own title due to their sensory acceptability by consumers and in the list of fish that can be caught and canned be offered to fishermen.

Keywords: DNA barcoding, Canned fish, Species diversity, Cytochrome oxidase 1.

Watani Wado is a locally grown cultivar of adlay (Coix Lacryma-Jobi L.) that has the potential to develop in Indonesia. Its long maturity time can be improved by mutation breeding. The mutagenic effects of gamma irradiation on adlay have yet to be investigated. The purpose of this research is to assess the impact of gamma irradiation treatments on the growth and yield of adlay plants. Adlay seeds of Watani Wado variety were exposed to gamma irradiation in six different doses: 0 (control), 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400Gy. The study found that as the gamma irradiation dose increased, the percentage of viable seedlings declined, as did seedling height and root length. The lethal dose (LD20-LD50) ranged from 179.27 to 296.03Gy based on various seedling growth parameters. Gamma irradiation also delayed the time to flowering and maturity, except at 250Gy. The highest frequency of chlorophyll mutation on leaves was observed at a dose of 250Gy. Furthermore, higher doses tended to increase pollen sterility, whereas other traits such as plant height and number of tillers, internodes, and leaves similarly tended to rise until a certain dose, after which they began to decline at the higher dose. Meanwhile, the culm diameter remained unchanged. Gamma irradiation impacted on yield by increasing seed numbers, increasing the percentage of empty seed, and reducing seed the weight. The findings suggested that gamma irradiation might increase genetic diversity in plant populations. This provides valuable information for further plant breeding programs to generate improved adlay mutant varieties.

Keywords: Adlay, Agronomic traits, Gamma irradiation, Genetic diversity, Mutant lines, Yield.

Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient for plant growth and reproduction, with 10 to 300mg/kg of soil concentrations. In Pakistan, over 70% of agricultural soil have zinc level below critical thresholds, severely hindering crop productivity. Conventional zinc fertilizers, such as ZnSO₄ (containing 33% zinc), exhibit low efficiency, with only 4-8% of applied zinc absorbed by plants, while the remaining is immobilized in the soil. Zinc oxide (ZnO), a more cost-effective alternative containing 80% of zinc, is largely insoluble and unavailable for plant uptake. An emerging strategy to address this deficiency involves zinc-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB), which convert insoluble zinc forms into bioavailable species that facilitate plant absorption. This study has screened bacterial isolates capable of solubilizing ZnO (Bacillus spp) and evaluated their effectiveness in promoting plant growth under sterile conditions. The results indicated that the application of different concentrations (4mL, 3mL, 2mL, and 1mL) of zinc solubilizing bacteria significantly improved growth parameters such as stem length, root length, leaf size, and total plant length of both maize (Zea mays) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) compared to control groups. These results demonstrate that ZSBs offer an eco-friendly and effective approach to mitigate zinc deficiencies in soils, thereby enhancing agricultural productivity in regions where zinc depletion limits crop performance.

Keywords: Zinc solubilizing bacteria, Plant Growth Promotion, Zinc deficiency, Micronutrients.

The population of Two-spot Catfish Mystus nigriceps had been detected decreased as a result of overfishing. This highlighted the necessity of finding ways protecting the fish in order to prevent its extinction. This study set out to ascertain the morphoanatomical characteristics of the fish’s reproductive process. Random sampling method was employed in this study, and samples of fish were obtained from three different stations namely Jetis, Bokol, and Kedungbenda. The samples were then subjected to morphoanatomical indices, such as the gonado-somatic GSI, hepato-somatic HSI, and viscero-somatic VSI indexes. In addition, sex ratio measurements were also measured in this study. The results indicated that GSI of the male and female fish at each station ranged from 22.66-29.09% and from 26.03-36.78%, according to the data. The VSI of fish varied from 13.83-17.76%; 15.36-17.17%, and the HSI of male and female fish ranged from 11.81-15.18%; 12.69-16.56%. The results also show that the sex ratio of two-spots catfish found in the Klawing River shows a significant balance at each station, namely 1:1, where male two-spots catfish are 50% and females are 50%. This result indicates that the reproductive process of the two-spots catfish is in good condition. Water quality parameters in accordance with standards. It has been found in this study that two-point catfish meet the conditions for reproduction since they have reached the gonadal maturity phase. One of the factors that significantly affects the maturity of the ovaries and testes is the living habitat of the fish. Based on the results of morphoanatomical observations, it can be concluded that the condition of Two-Spot Catfish (Mystus nigriceps) obtained from the capture in the Klawing River is in a mature gonadal condition and ready for spawning.

Keywords: Morphoanatomical Index, Klawing Rivers, Gonadal Maturity, Mystus nigriceps.

This bibliographic analysis provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary non-invasive technologies for soil mapping, with a particular focus on their implications for agricultural management, agroecology, and food security. We explored the advantages and limitations of remote and proximal sensing methods for soil moisture assessment. Recent advancements in geophysical moisture measurement techniques, such as electromagnetic induction and ground-penetrating radar, are examined in light of their effectiveness for soil moisture mapping at agricultural field scales. The critical need for reliable technologies to accurately map soil moisture content is emphasized, as precise moisture assessment is vital for optimizing agricultural practices and enhancing crop yields. This research is especially pertinent in the context of climate change, where the frequency and severity of droughts are increasing, necessitating improved water resource management strategies. By facilitating targeted irrigation practices and enabling the cultivation of higher yields with reduced inputs, these innovative technologies play a pivotal role in promoting sustainable land management and bolstering agroecological resilience. Furthermore, this study highlights recent findings from key reviews in the field, which provide insights into the integration of digital technologies in precision agriculture. Ultimately, this analysis underscores the essential role of advanced soil mapping methods in addressing challenges related to resource allocation and food production, thereby reinforcing global food security.

Keywords: Soil cover, Soil moisture measurement, Mapping, Digital irrigated agriculture.

Tambaklorok Semarang is an area abundant in pond resources, particularly shellfish farming. However, not all information regarding the nutritional and nutraceutical profile of Tambaklorok shellfish is fully understood. The research aims to identify the commercial types of shellfish, assess the water quality in the pond area, and analyze the shellfish morphometry as well as the amino acid and fatty acid contents in different species of Tambaklorok shellfish. The method involved identifying different commercial shellfish types by observing and classifying them based on specific morphological characteristics. Water quality was assessed by measuring nitrate levels using equipment designed for testing seawater quality. Morphometric analysis is conducted by measuring the length and weight of the shells and calculating the growth index. Amino and fatty acid content analysis uses UPLC-PDA and LC-MS/MS methods. The research findings reveal the presence of three types of commercial shellfish in Tambaklorok Semarang: Anadara granosa, Perna viridis, and Meretrix meretrix. The water quality in this region needs to meet the standards required for marine life, mainly due to high nitrate levels. Analysis of mussel morphometry indicates that growth in shell length is more prominent than growth in weight. The amino acid and fatty acid content analysis revealed significant differences among the three shellfish species, with variations in the highest and lowest compositions. It is concluded that Tambaklorok Semarang consists of three commercially valuable types of shellfish and does not meet the required standards for water quality. Furthermore, differences were observed in the three shellfish species’ morphometry, amino acid, and fatty acid composition. This data can be utilized to improve the cultivation and quality of Tambaklorok shellfish and serve as a basis for further research on shellfish farming in terms of nutrition and nutraceuticals.

Keywords: Amino acid, Fatty acid, LC-MS, UPLC-PDA.

Hybridization is an important tool in aquaculture to combine the desirable traits of parental fish stocks. This process produces offspring with disease resistance, improved feed conversion efficiency, accelerated growth, environmental resilience and superior flesh quality. All these traits are economically beneficial and can fulfill large demands in the industry without depleting wild stocks. Various techniques have been used to hybridize fish, including artificial insemination, selective mating and genetic manipulation. Molecular methods like gene editing and in-vitro fertilization can ensure speedy production of hybrid stocks with precise traits, but the processes should be supported by impact studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of hybridization outcomes. This review explores the diverse methods of fish hybridization in aquaculture, highlighting examples of their genetic and physiological impacts on wild fish populations, besides their ecological and evolutionary consequences. It also explores ethical considerations and public perception, particularly gene modification, along with an analysis of regulatory and policy frameworks. As global demand for food protein continues to rise, aquaculture is increasingly recognized as a sustainable solution to meet the demand. The increasing potential of hybrid species in enhancing aquaculture production underscores the importance of developing efficient and sustainable industry practices.

Keywords: Hybridization, Aquaculture, Genetic, Ecological, Ethical.

Pollination significantly influences cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) productivity, yet research on pollinating insects in Indonesia remains limited. Through field surveys, this study identified the diversity, abundance, and roles of flower-visiting insects on cashew flowers. Weekly observations of insect activity on flower panicles were conducted to assess their foraging behaviours and impact on fruit set. Open pollination was compared with insect-excluded pollination using nylon mesh bagging. A total of 24 genera from four orders (Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera) were identified, with Braunsapis sp. (48%) and Eumenes sp. (26.2%) as the dominant pollinators. Diurnal activity peaked in the morning and declined in the afternoon. No fruit set occurred in bagged flowers, while open pollination achieved a 32% fruit set. These findings highlight the critical role of insect-mediated pollination in cashew production and underscore the need for pollinator-friendly agricultural practices to enhance yield and sustainability.

Keywords: Pollination, Fruit Set, Braunsapis sp., Cashew, Yield.

Food security is a critical global issue, and searching for new solutions is particularly relevant. This study aimed to evaluate existing approaches to fostering innovation in agriculture. The study examined statistical data reflecting the development of innovation in Kazakhstan. The findings emphasized the vital role of agriculture in Kazakhstan’s economy and, highlighted the importance of innovation in this sector to enhance competitiveness both internationally and domestically. By analyzing the data, the study concluded that the situation in Kazakhstan regarding the adoption of innovative technologies, particularly in agriculture, has improved. Additionally, the research presented trends in the enhanced functioning of agriculture, especially in terms of increased crop yields and livestock production. Based on the current context and the need for further technological development, the study proposed recommendations for public policy aimed at achieving key objectives in this area. The insights gained from this research can be applied to shaping national policies and guiding the long-term development strategies of individual enterprises.

Keywords: Digital technologies; State support; Sustainable development; Entrepreneurship; Macroeconomics.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using bioactive compost biochar (Arkoba) on the morphophysiological characteristics of several new superior rice varieties (NSRV) in acid sulfate soils. Conducted from June to November 2024 at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Science, and Technology at Panca Bhakti University, the research employed a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern. Two factors were tested: doses of Arkoba (0, 10, 15, and 20tons/ha) and rice varieties (Argo Ketapang, Inpari 32, Inpari 49, and Inpari Nutri Zinc). The results showed that the application of Arkoba significantly improved plant growth, with the highest dose (20tons/ha) significantly increased the total number of tillers, and the number of grains per panicle. The Inpari Nutri Zinc variety exhibited the highest grain weight per panicle and panicle length. The combination of the highest Arkoba dose with Inpari Nutri Zinc resulted in the highest grain yield, highlighting the interaction between Arkoba dosage and variety selection. These findings indicated that the use of Arkoba as a soil amendment, particularly at a dose of 20tons/ha, was an effective strategy for enhancing rice productivity in acid sulfate soils. Further research was recommended to optimize Arkoba application under various agroclimatic conditions.

Keywords: Acid Sulfate Soil; Bioactive Compost Charcoal; Rice Productivity; Rice Varieties; Soil Amendment.

Aquaculture is a critical global sector for food security, supplying nutritious food and playing an essential role in fostering economic growth and job creation. Egypt is the leading producer of aquaculture in Africa. This sector constituted approximately 8.44% of the total national agricultural income. Egypt relies on this sector to satisfy the increasing demand for fish, which accounts for approximately 79% of total fish production. Nevertheless, the country continues to be a net importer of fish products to mitigate the food gap. Additionally, the production of Tilapia fish faces several challenges, which in turn lead to reduced profitability and production efficiency in Tilapia aquaculture. The study aimed to evaluate the technical efficiency of Tilapia farms in Kafr El-Sheikh from July to August 2022, employing the stochastic frontier methodology. The stochastic frontier function examines technical efficiency and distinguishes between random factors that are outside the fish farmers’ control and the effects of inefficiency. The main findings indicated that fingerlings, labor, and machinery are the inputs that significantly affect Tilapia production in the study sample. Furthermore, 79.8% of the Tilapia farms exhibited technical inefficiencies. This led to a reduction in the farmers’ ability to manage their fish farms effectively, ultimately decreasing fish production. This study recommended the implementation of extension programs at the farm level to aid Tilapia fish farmers in optimizing their resource utilization to enhance fish production on farms.

Keywords: Stochastic production frontier, Technical efficiency, Tilapia, Kafr El-Sheikh, Aquaculture.

Simulation of groundwater level fluctuations as the most important source of water supply plays a substantial role in gathering information for planning and managing water resources. This study introduces a hybrid methodology combining discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) with artificial neural networks (ANN) to simulate groundwater level fluctuations. The optimal mother wavelet was considered, and the simulated values were compared to those generated by a robustly intelligent tool, such as weighted least squares support vector machine (WLS-SVM). To assess the robustness and efficiency of the DWT-ANN model, monthly groundwater level time-series data from three observation wells in the Bagheyn Plain, Iran, were used. Statistical indicators, including mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), were calculated to evaluate the models’ performance. Results showed that the DWT-ANN model achieved superior performance, yielding MAE, RMSE, and NSE values of 0.044, 0.064, and 0.9998, respectively, at the Saadi observation well. These findings underscore the DWT-ANN model’s superiority over the WLS-SVM model in simulating groundwater levels for the selected wells. Furthermore, the DWT-ANN approach demonstrated enhanced accuracy, with simulated values closely aligning with observed data.

Keywords: Groundwater; Simulation; Wavelet transforms; Artificial neural network.

Agroforestry is a strategy for sustainable intensification in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), promoting multifunctional landscapes that improve soil fertility, support livelihoods, enhance carbon sequestration, and deliver ecosystem services such as water quality, erosion control, and biodiversity conservation. Despite wide recognition of its benefit’s comprehensive analyses of agroforestry’s impact on soil fertility, livelihoods, and carbon storage are limited. This systematic review analyses 145 publications to quantify and assess the contributions of agroforestry in these areas within SSA. Results indicate that agroforestry systems substantially enhance soil fertility and provide viable climate adaptation and mitigation strategies, thereby diversifying and bolstering rural livelihoods against climate perturbations. Agroforestry also offers significant potential for carbon sequestration in both aboveground biomass and soil, although additional research is required to elucidate belowground carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas fluxes. Challenges such as land tenure, limited access to resources, and the need for context-specific research curtail the broader impacts of agroforestry. The review highlights the necessity for targeted policy support and further research addressing carbon rights, land tenure, and the implications of climate change to promote widespread adoption of agroforestry and maximize its contribution to sustainable development across SSA.

Keywords: Agroforestry Systems; Sustainable Intensification; Soil Fertility Enhancement; Carbon Sequestration; Climate Change Adaptation.

Cotton (Gossypium) is a globally important fiber crop. Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) attacks on the boll and interrupted its growth and productivity. Recently, several studies have proven the ability of humic acid (HA), an organic compound obtained from soil humus to improve plant growth and responses against biotic stress. This study evaluates the effects of humic acid on cotton seed germination and callus formation for enhanced bollworm resistance. It is hypothesized that humic acid treatment promotes plant growth, enhances callus induction, and increases resistance to cotton bollworm. The methodology involved the collection of cotton seeds and were surface sterilized. The seeds were germinated on Murashige-and-Skoog’s (MS) medium. Grown embryos were transferred to culture tubes and maintained on MS medium with auxin or cytokinin for callus induction. During callus induction and maintenance, humic acid was supplemented in three concentrations: 0.1%, 0.5% or 1%. Growth parameters along with biomass were measured and the efficacy of humic acid on enhancing pest resistance was tested through bioassays against Helicoverpa armigera larvae. The findings of the study revealed that humic acid appreciably influenced callus induction. The growth and acclimatization of plants treated with humic acid were significantly higher than untreated control plants. The percentage of death rate on the cotton bollworm in humic acid-treated plants were 60%, compared to untreated plants resulted in the increased resistance against these pests. Hence, this study concluded that humic acid accelerated the growth of cotton, promoted callus induction and increased resistance to cotton bollworm.

Keywords: Cotton, Humic acid, Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), Insect bioassay, Mortality, MS medium, Callus induction, Seed germination, Integrated pest management.

This study examines the degree of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of cattle farmers regarding Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), which is a common health problem in cattle and can cause significant economic losses. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of knowledge of farmers regarding the disease as well as the extent to which farmers practice good attitudes and behaviors regarding the prevention and control of the disease. This study was conducted using observation, survey and interview methods with 101 cattle farmers in Gowa district using purposive sampling. The Likert scale was used with a scale of 1, 2, and 3 for know/always/agree, doubtful/rarely/less agree and don’t know/never/disagree. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. Data were analyzed descriptively in the form of averages, frequencies and percentages. The results showed that the level of knowledge was medium category, the attitudes was low category and the behavior of beef cattle farmers about foot and mouth disease was in the high category. It can be concluded that training, guidance and support for cattle farmers to prevent FMD outbreaks were important.

Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior, FMD.

Cassava is a perennial crop known for its adaptability to diverse agro-ecological conditions. In many tropical countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), it is a key contributor to food security, making it the most important staple food. Nearly 90% of cassava roots and leaves harvested in the DRC are consumed by humans, contributing significantly to the population’s energy, protein, and micronutrient intake. This study evaluated 136 cassava varieties, including nine improved varieties developed by IITA and INERA-DRC along with 120 local varieties collected from various agro-ecological zones and maintained by INERA. Conducted at INERA Mvuazi in Kongo Central, DRC, the trial used an alpha lattice design with eight blocks and 17 plots replicated twice. Key agronomic traits such as CMD, plant height, biomass, harvest index, dry matter content, starch, and fresh root yield were profiled. Significant phenotypic variation was observed, particularly in plant height (2727.79cm), biomass (55.05kg), and yield (44.24t/ha), with high heritability estimates for traits like starch content (0.55) and biomass (0.98). Hierarchical clustering identified five distinct groups with varying traits and performance, highlighting the diversity within the germplasm. Genotypic analysis using SNP markers revealed substantial genetic diversity, with population structure analysis identifying four genetic clusters. The integration of phenotypic and genotypic data provided a comprehensive understanding of the relationships within the germplasm. The study identified 47 top-ranking cassava varieties with exceptional multi-trait performance, suitable for breeding programs aimed at improving yield, disease resistance, and dry matter content. This research offers valuable insights into the genetic and phenotypic diversity of cassava germplasm in the DRC, supporting future breeding efforts.

Keywords: Cassava germplasm, Agronomic Traits, SNP Markers, Hierarchical Clustering, Genetic Diversity.

The paper presents the results of laboratory and field experiments on the source material of alfalfa characterized by low seed productivity in North Kazakhstan. The study aimed to assess the breeding value of alfalfa variety populations and identify promising source material for developing high-yielding seed varieties. Field trials were conducted in 2021-2023 at the Kokshetau Experimental and Production Facility located in the coniform hill and plain zone of North Kazakhstan. An effective method of alfalfa breeding was developed and validated, considering for the biological characteristics of plant growth and development traits as well as the influence of environmental factors on seed productivity. The promising alfalfa line- (SGP-04-09-3) obtained using this method is characterized by high feed and seed weight yields, significantly exceeding the standard. The variety has winter hardiness, drought resistance, a relatively high percentage of self-pollination, intensive regenerative ability, and a high bean-setting rate. Moreover, seven lines with the potential for further selective hybridization aimed at increasing the seed productivity of alfalfa were selected using the polycross method. The experimentally verified source material is recommended for practical breeding in North Kazakhstan to breed varieties resistant to adverse weather conditions.

Keywords: Alfalfa, Gene pool, Assessment, Selection, Seed productivity, Polycross method, Complex hybrid population, Bush shape, Bean setting rate, Self-pollination.

This study evaluated the effects of lipid source supplementation on rumen microbial population dynamics and in vivo digestibility of Napier grass in goats. 12 male goats aged six months were assigned to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments: T0 (control, no fat), T1 (corn oil), T2 (coconut oil), and T3 (lard fat), with three replicates per treatment. Lipid sources were administered via stomach tubing at 3% of the goats’ dry matter intake (DMI) for 14 consecutive days. Changes in bacterial and protozoal populations were assessed on day 0 and 14, and in vivo digestibility was measured at the end of the trial. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and compared with Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test using SPSS software (IBM version 20). The results indicated that corn oil supplementation led to the highest reduction in bacterial and protozoal populations, followed by coconut oil. Oils rich in polyunsaturated and medium-chain saturated fatty acids showed a stronger inhibitory effect on rumen microorganisms compared to lard fat, which contains more long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids, especially in reducing protozoal counts. However, there were no significant differences among treatments in rumen pH, intake, digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fiber (CF), and crude protein (CP), although corn oil showed a slight advantage. Overall, supplementing with corn oil and coconut oil at 3% DMI/day may effectively promote defaunation without adversely affecting rumen pH, nutrient intake and digestibility.

Keywords: Microbial diversity, Lipid supplementation, Digestibility, Defaunation, Goats.

The current study aims to identify lines of spring bread wheat, promising in terms of yield and quality indicators, from hybrid combinations obtained using the Western Pamir landraces and wheat varieties developed through Kazakhstan’s breeding programs. The studies were carried out in 2023 and 2024 at the field trial of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing (KSRIAP) located in the foothills of the Zailiysky Alatau (between 43°13’N and 76°41’E) in the conditions of natural moisture supply. Lines and parental forms were assessed by nine quantitative morphological and yield traits of plants, as well as for bakery-quality (Glu-1 score) based on the electrophoresis of seed storage proteins. The Bobilo landrace exhibited lower performance than the Kazakhstan-bred varieties in terms of grain weight per central spike, total grain weight/plant, and thousand-grain weight. Additionally, it had a low Glu-1 index score. Correlation analysis of 67 hybrid lines from reciprocal crosses between the Bobilo landrace and two Kazakhstan-bred varieties (Lutescens 32 and Kazakhstan 3) revealed a significant positive contribution of the number of productive tillers to yield (r=0.9), while no correlation was observed between yield and thousand-grain weight. Based on the Principal Components Analysis of yield elements, 6 lines were identified that showed grain weight per plant above the parental lines. Glu-1 score of the lines ranged from 8 to 10 points. Lines combining traits of Western Pamir landraces and Kazakhstan varieties represent valuable material for breeding new spring wheat varieties adapted to the regional conditions of both countries.

Keywords: Wheat, Landrace, Hybrid lines, Yield traits, Glu-1 score, Principal Components Analysis.

The development of seaweed culture in Semau Island depends upon the ecological features, especially during the rainy season, where wind and current are pretty critical. Selecting the appropriate location is crucial for the success of seaweed production. Land suitability analysis is an essential stage in the development of seaweed cultivation. The measured parameters were temperature, salinity, wave height, current velocity, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll. This research aims to identify potentially suitable areas, measure effective areas, and estimate production for seaweed cultivation in Semau Island, Kupang Regency. This research aims to identify potential areas suitable for seaweed culture in Semau Island, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Timur. The survey method was used to determine the water conditions, and the Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to assess the potential seaweed area using a geospatial model approach. The research results showed that the suitability and potential of the waters around Semau Island for seaweed culture were classified as Less Suitable (LS), covering 11.08ha, Suitable (S), covering 2,295.74ha, and Highly Suitable (HS), covering 1,221.03ha. The potential area used for seaweed cultivation is around 20% of the total suitable area, which is 703.3ha with a potential total production of 70.33tons per cycle. It means that that area minimum could produce 281.32tons/year.

Keywords: Semau Island, Seaweed production, Area potential, Site selection.

This study developed a linear regression model to predict stem diameter (D), height (H), and chlorophyll content (SPAD) in coconut plants based on environmental and treatment factors. Conducted over two cultivation seasons (January–June and July–December 2023) at the Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, the experiment employed a specific growing media (M3) comprising 50% soil, 30% cocopeat, and 20% perlite. Predictor variables included time (W), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), moisture content (MC), wind speed (WS), and electrical conductivity (EC). The regression analysis indicated that time (W) positively influenced stem diameter (0.3875) and height (0.3329), with nitrogen (N) also contributing positively to diameter (0.08827). In contrast, potassium (K) negatively impacted stem diameter (-0.03461) and height (-0.0505), as did moisture content (-0.01561) and wind speed (-0.3872). For chlorophyll content, time (W) (2.399) and electrical conductivity (EC) (0.0193) were positive predictors, while potassium (-0.3063) and wind speed (-3.416) had negative effects. ANOVA confirmed the significance of time, potassium, moisture content, and wind speed on growth parameters. Time was identified as a critical factor for coconut development, underscoring the importance of managing these variables to optimize growth and chlorophyll content. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing coconut cultivation strategies.

Keywords: Coconut growth; Linear regression; Stem diameter; Height, Chlorophyll content; Environmental factors.